US Government Documents related to Indigenous Nations

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  An Act to Declare that the United States Shall Hold Certain Land in Trust for the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota

  United States Congress

  This United States (US) Public Law, also known as US Public Law 91-100, passed on October 30, 1969 provides that all lands on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota deemed to be in excess to the needs of the Bureau of Indian Affairs will be held in trust for the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation by the United States. The law outlines the parameters of the lands and specifies that this act must operate in accordance with the Act of August 13, 1946 (60 Stat. 1050).

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 39: An Interpretation of Mandan Culture and History

  W. Raymond Wood, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 39 presents an argument that Mandan culture emerged around 1500 A.D. in part due to the increase in trade in the upper Missouri area. This interpretation of Mandan culture and history is based on existing research on the Mandan people, archeological research of the author between 1954 and 1960, and the author’s interpretation of information gathered from the Huff site (32MO11). The Huff site, located about 18 miles southeast of Mandan, North Dakota, was a fortified village occupied between 1485 and 1543 A.D. Much of the paper is focused on excavation of the Huff site and discusses the houses, artifacts, plant and animal remains that were yielded by the site. Ancestors (human remains) were also found at the site. Artifacts discussed include pottery, and items made of chipped stone, ground stone, bone, antler, and shell. The author’s discussion of Mandan culture includes discussion of language, communication, dwellings, burials, trade, and food. The author does not cite any Mandan informants as part of his study. The Huff site was flooded by the completion of the Oahe Dam. This paper includes photographs, drawings, text figures, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 28: The Dance Hall of the Santee Bottoms on the Fort Berthold Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota

  Donald D. Hartle, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 28 describes the Dance Hall of Santee Bottoms, which was a standing structure at the time of investigation (1953). The author describes the hall as “in good condition” and reports that it was likely last used in 1946. The hall was built by a group of Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara led by Old Dog of Elbowoods who fractured from a local group and formed the “Santee Dancing Society.” This is a relatively short paper focused on the history and description of the dance hall. This paper includes photographs and illustrations.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 29: Crow-Flies-High (32MZ1), a Historic Hidatsa Village in the Garrison Reservoir Area, North Dakota

  Carling Malouf, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 29 discusses the excavation of a Hidatsa village called Crow-Flies-High, named after the Hidatsa Chief of the same name. The village was located near Newtown, North Dakota and according to archeologist Waldo Wedel, was occupied between 1868 and 1893. The site was not in good condition as it had been ploughed over many times by farmers who did not know there had been a village in the area. The village graveyard had been looted. The discussion of this site was informed by Hidatsa informants who had lived in the village. The paper covers excavation of the site, ethnography, and a history of Crow-Flies-High village and its people from the perspective of these ethnographers. This paper includes illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 26: Small Sites on and about Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota

  George Metcalf, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 26 covers several small sites in in the Fort Berthold area. The author begins with a short history of the area including the movement and occupation of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes as understood by White/European settlers and explorers. Descriptions of this excavation include that of what the author calls the last Arikara earth lodge as well as hunting lodges, eagle trap sites, rock cairns, and tipi rings. The paper also discusses other text excavations from the Fort Berthold Reservation. The author notes that permission for this dig and others in the area was granted by the Tribal Council of the Three Affiliated Tribes. Access to this site was lost due to the completion of the Garrison Dam. The paper includes photographs, text figures, and a map.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 27: Star Village: A Fortified Historic Arikara Site in Mercer County, North Dakota

  George Metcalf, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 27 discusses the excavation of Star Village, identified in this paper as the last village site of the Arikara tribe before they joined with the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes at Like-a-Fishhook Village. The site is located on the south side of the Missouri river within the boarders of the Fort Berthold Reservation. The site was excavated in 1951. The paper begins with a historical background on the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes’ occupancy of the area, primarily as told from the perspective of White/European settlers and explores. The report covers excavation of houses, other structural remains, ditch and ditch tests, caches, and artifacts including pottery and trade objects. Animal and vegetal remains were also found at this site. The site did not yield as much information about the material culture of the Arikara tribe as the author had hoped, and he draws conclusions with the aid of previous information collected about the Arikara tribe. Permission for the excavation was granted by the Tribal Council of the Three Affiliated Tribes. This site was flooded by the completion of the Garrison Dam. This paper includes photographs, illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial Organization

  Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, and Alfred W. Bowers

  This ethnographic paper, dated January 1, 1963, sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology is a detailed description of Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial practices as told by ethnographer Alfred W. Bowers based on data collected in the 1930s. All the Hidatsa informants of this project were born about 1850-1860 and were alive at the time of the Custer massacre. Bowers indicates that he pushed informants to share sacred religious lore for the sake of this project. The paper is an extensive account of Hidatsa social organization, kinship systems, societies, ceremonies, and other details about the history and social practices as collected at the time. The paper includes illustrations, text figures, charts, photographs, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers No. 30: The Stutsman Focus: An Aboriginal Culture Complex in the Jamestown Reservoir Area, North Dakota

  R. P. Wheeler, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 30 focuses on an area near Jamestown, North Dakota, on the west side of the James River. Excavation of the sites in this area occurred between 1946 and 1954. Two sites are discussed in detail: the Hintz site and the Joos site, named after Oscar Hintz and Leroy Joos who were identified as the respective landowners at the time of excavation. Excavation of the sites in this area yielded earth lodges, minor structures including a sweat lodge, eagle-trap pits, pottery, arrow points, pendants, trade goods, tools, stone objects, bone and tooth objects, shell objects, plant and animal remains. The author posits that this area may have been inhabited by the Hidatsa tribe. These sites were flooded by the Jamestown Dam. The paper contains photographs, illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 36: Archeological Investigations at the Hickey Brother’s Site (39LM4), Big Bend Reservoir, Lyman County, South Dakota

  Warren W. Caldwell, Lee G. Madison, Bernard Golden, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 36 discusses the excavation of the Hickey Brothers site, located on the west bank of the Missouri River near the town of Lower Brule. The site was excavated in 1958 and 1959. The site hosted a large village with an elaborate fortification ditch; however, the author notes that the site yielded an “insignificant” number of artifacts. The site yielded fortifications, habitation areas, pottery, bone materials, and lithic materials. The author speculates that the village was not fully established before the inhabitants moved on, either by force or necessity. The author calls the site “the unfinished village.” This area was flooded by completion of the Big Bend Dam. This paper contains photographs, illustrations, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 35: Archeological Investigations at the Hosterman Site (39PO7) Oahe Reservoir Area, Potter County, South Dakota, 1956

  Carl F. Miller, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 35 discusses the excavation of the Hosterman Site, named for John B. Hosterman who was identified as the landowner at the time of excavation. The site is located on a bluff overlooking the east bank of the Missouri and was first surveyed in 1949, then again in 1951. The excavation described in this paper occurred in 1956. Excavation of the site yielded rectangular houses, cache pits, slaughtering/butchering areas, midden pits, and pottery. Many artifacts were also uncovered at the site, including projectile points, microblades, scrapers, oval bifaces, biface choppers, knives, burinlike implements, stone perforators, lamellar flake tools, and worked bone and teeth. Copper and shell were found at the site along with plant and animal remains. The author notes that there were no traces of European contact and asserts that the occupation of this site was likely short. The author labels the site as “pre-Arikara” and “pre-Mandan.” This paper includes photographs, illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 37: The Good Soldier Site (39LM238), Big Bend Reservoir, Lyman County, South Dakota

  Robert W. Neuman, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 37 discusses The Good Solider Site, located in the Big Bend Reservoir Area in South Dakota. The author refers to this area as a “prehistoric Indian camp site.” The site was first investigated in 1956 then again by the present author in 1958. The author estimates that at least one area of the site was inhabited no later than 1200 A.D. The author does not indicate which tribes inhabited this area. The paper offers details about artifacts yielded from the site, including pottery, chipped stone artifacts, ground stone artifacts, and bone artifacts. This paper includes photographs, illustrations, and text figures.

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  An Act to Provide for the Use of Lands in the Garrison Dam Project by the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation

  United States Congress

  This United States (US) public law (Public Law 87-695), passed on September 25, 1962, allowed for the members of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation to graze stock without charge on lands formerly owned by them but taken for the Garrison Dam project. This public law further allows members of the Three Affiliated Tribes to lease these lands for grazing to members or non-members of the tribe. These grazing rights are subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Interior.

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  Providing For the Use of Lands in the Garrison Dam Project by the Three Affiliated Tribes of The Fort Berthold Reservation

  United States Congress and US House of Representatives

  This report from the United States (US) House committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, dated September 12, 1962 was written to accompany US Senate Bill 1161 which proposed to restore grazing rights to the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation on lands that were taken by the United States government for the Garrison Dam project. The report indicates that the US Army Corps of Engineers had been leasing approximately 52,000 acres of land for grazing, charging $30,000 annually for grazing rights on land formerly owned by The Three Affiliated Tribes. US Senate Bill 1161 proposed to restore exclusive grazing rights to the Three Affiliated Tribes without charge and grant them the right to lease these lands for grazing purposes for their own profit. The report indicates that the US Department of the Interior and the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs support the current version of the bill without amendment. (US Senate Report 1723 contained suggested amendments to an earlier version of US Senate Bill 1161; see “Providing for the use of lands in the Garrison Dam project by the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation” dated July 12, 1962.) This report notes that two other identical bills were also introduced concurrent with US Senate Bill 1161 (US House Resolutions 12691 and 12692). US Senate Bill 1161 became US Public Law 87-695 on September 25, 1962.

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  Providing for the Use of Lands in the Garrison Dam Project by the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation

  United States Congress and US Senate

  This report from the United States (US) House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, dated July 12, 1962, was written to accompany US Senate Bill 1161 which proposed to restore grazing rights to the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation on lands that were taken by the United States government for the Garrison Dam project. This report recommends an amendment to the wording of the bill. This amendment mirrors language used in similar bills relating to the Lower Brule and Crow Creek Indian Tribes. This bill resolves the grazing rights issues on these lands and will benefit the Three Affiliated Tribes’ livestock industry which was hampered by the Garrison Dam project. The US Assistant Secretary of the Interior raises several questions regarding details about the grazing rights and provides suggestions for clarification of the bill. The secretary of the US Army adds that he believes the bill needs more “legislative guidelines.” US Senate Bill 1161 became US Public Law 87-695 on September 25, 1962.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 33: The Paul Brave Site (32SI4), Oahe Reservoir Area, North Dakota

  W. Raymond Wood, Alan R. Woolworth, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 33 discusses the excavation of the Paul Brave site (also known as the Fort Yates site), a location that the authors refer to as a pre-historic village. The site was first investigated in 1947 by Gordon W. Hewes from the University of North Dakota. The North Dakota State Historical Society later sponsored a full-scale excavation in 1955. Permission for this excavation was granted by the Standing Rock Tribal Council. The authors indicate that this site is significant because it was one of the first villages in the area. It is presumed to have been a Mandan village which the authors estimate was occupied between 1300 and 1400 A.D. Excavation of the site yielded several houses, pottery, works in bone, works in chipped and ground stone, animal and plant remains. This site was flooded by completion of the Oahe Dam. This paper contains photographs, illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 34: The Demery Site (39C01), Oahe Reservoir Area, South Dakota

  Alan R. Woolworth, W. Raymond Wood, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 34 discusses the excavation of the Demery Site, located on the west bank of the Missouri River, near John Grass Creek (named for chief John Grass also known as Matȟó Watȟákpe or Charging Bear, of the Blackfeet band of Lakota). The site was excavated in 1956, by members of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. The excavation was sponsored by the National Park Service, the Department of the Interior, and the North Dakota State Legislator. The Standing Rock Nation Tribal Council granted permission for the site to be excavated. Excavation of the site yielded several houses, pottery, plant and animal remains, The site yielded artifacts made from chipped stone, ground stone, antler, and shell. Ancestors (human remains) were also found at the site. The authors do not posit what group(s) lived at this site but note that they likely lived there peacefully judging by the lack of fortifications. The authors estimate that the area was occupied between 1550 and 1650 A.D. This paper contains photographs, illustrations, text figures, and maps.

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  Garrison Diversion Unit. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, Transmitting a Report on the Garrison Diversion Unit, North Dakota and South Dakota, Missouri River Basin Project

  United States Congress, US House of Representatives, and United States Department of the Interior

  This collection of letters and reports, dated February 4, 1960, contains correspondences from the US Department of the Interior, the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the US Bureau of the Budget and other “interested federal agencies.” These correspondences discuss the risks and benefits of further development of the Missouri River Basin project in order to provide irrigation, more dependable municipal water supply, more dependable water supply to local industries and wildlife areas, as well as further development of flood control, drainage, and recreation. This extension would primarily benefit areas in North and South Dakota. The proposal created some concern that Southern states would be adversely impacted by the project extension; however, several of the reports reflect confidence that Southern states won’t be adversely impacted. The proposed plan would provide irrigation to 250,000 acres of land and at least one report notes that the irrigation in North Dakota is a benefit meant to off-set the loss of lands from the Garrison Dam. This document does not mention the Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold or any tribes who lost land due to the dam projects in North and South Dakota. Document contains illustrations, maps, and tables.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 15: Historic Sites Archeology on the Upper Missouri

  Merrill J. Mattes, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 15 is a summary of the Archeology Salvage Program in the upper Missouri River area, including an introduction on the background of the project as well as a history of the area as recorded by European explorers. The paper is relatively short and meant to provide a foundation for the more detailed papers discussing excavation of specific sites in this area.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 17: The Excavation and Investigation of the Fort Lookout Trading Post II (39LM57) in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota

  Carl F. Miller, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 17 is a continuation of paper number 15, providing details on the archeology of Fort Lookout Trading Post II for which paper number 15 provided historical background. This site was studied in 1950 and 1951. The author provides some background on the area and discusses the specimens and artifacts from the site, including trade beads, trades pipes, china and earthen wares, glass, buttons, pins, as well as articles of brass, copper, lead, and iron. The author identifies this trading post as having been established between 1831-1840. This paper includes photographs, illustrations, text figures, and a map.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 16: Historic Sites Archeology in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota

  John E. Mills, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 16 is summary of archeology field activity between 1947-1952 in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota. The author offers some background on the area from European explorers’ perspectives. The paper cover six sites in summary: Fort Randall (39GR15), Whetstone Indian Agency and Army Post (29GR4), Lower Brulé Indian Agency (39LM54), Fort Lower Brulé (39LM53), Fort Lookout military and trading posts (39LM57), and Fort Hale (39LM52). For most of the sites, the author provides an introduction, a discussion of excavation, a discussion of artifacts, and a summary. This paper includes photographs, illustrations, text figures, and a map.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 19: Archeological Investigations at the Site of Fort Stevenson (32ML1), Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota

  G. Hubert Smith, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 19 discusses the excavation of the Fort Stevenson site which was a military post from 1867-1883 and then an Indian school from 1883 until 1894. This paper contains background and history on Fort Stevenson, focused primarily on its history as a military post. Excavation descriptions cover a hospital, barracks, a storehouse, officers’ quarters, and recovered objects including military goods, civilian goods, goods from the Indian school, and miscellaneous other goods. This area was flooded by completion of the Garrison Dam. Appendix written by Carlyle S. Smith. This paper includes photographs, illustrations, and maps.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 18: Fort Pierre II (39ST217), a Historic Trading Post in the Oahe Dam Area, South Dakota

  Hubert Smith, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles, with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 18 discusses the excavation of Fort Pierre II, a historic White trading post which was constructed after 1855. The paper includes a detailed historical background of this area, focused on the fur trade and trade established by Indigenous tribes, though the focus is on White settler history. The excavation yielded construction materials, tools, harnesses and farriery, wagon parts, furniture, household articles, military goods, personal items, trade goods, and artifacts of “native significance.” The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and implications to the salvage program. This paper contains photographs and maps.

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  Authorizing Enrolled Members of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, N. Dak., to Acquire Trust Interests in Tribal Lands of the Reservation, and for Other Purposes

  United States Congress and US Senate

  This report submitted by the United States (US) Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, dated September 1, 1959, was written to accompany Senate Bill 1352 which proposed (with the consent of the Three Affiliated Tribes tribal council) to authorize enrolled tribal members to acquire tribal lands. Many who were relocated due to the construction of the Garrison Dam did not have adequate funds to reestablish themselves in their new location. Since it is prohibited to sell the tribal lands of an organized tribe, US Senate Bill 1528 would allow for individual tribal members to purchase tribal land to establish farms or ranches. This report provides a summary of the purpose of the bill along with proposed amendments to the bill. This bill did not become public law.

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  River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 20: The Archeology of a Small Trading Post (Kipp's Post 32MN1) in the Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota

  Alan R. Woolworth, Raymond Wood, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of American Ethnology

  Published as a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the “River Basin Surveys Papers” are a collection of archeological investigations focused on areas now flooded by the completion of various dam projects in the United States. The River Basin Surveys Papers (numbered 1-39) were mostly published in bundles with 5-6 papers in each bundle. In collaboration with the United States (US) National Park Service and the US Bureau of Reclamation, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Smithsonian Institution pulled archeological and paleontological remains from several sites prior to losing access to the sites due to flooding. The Smithsonian Institution calls this project the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.

  Paper number 20 describes the excavation of a site known as Kipp’s Post which was a Columbia Fur Company trading post, built in 1826-27. The site is located at the mouth of the White Earth River in Mountrail County, North Dakota. This paper includes a description of the site, historical background, and detailed information on the fur trade primarily from the perspective of White/European accounts. Structures excavated include buildings, trenches, pits, and burial sites. The paper also discusses artifacts and faunal remains discovered at the site. Artifacts include those manufactured by Indigenous people such as arrow points, mauls, hammer stones, whetstones and abrading stones, pottery, fleshing tool, and beads. These are through o have come from Fort Berthold, North Dakota so were likely manufactured by the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes. This paper contains illustrations, text figures, photographs, and a map.

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  To change the name of the reservoir above Garrison Dam and known as Garrison Reservoir or Garrison Lake to Lake Sakakawea

  United States Congress, US House of Representatives, and Usher L. Burdick

  This bill, dated Febuary 4, 1958 proposes to change the name of the reservoir behind the Garrison Dam on the Forth Berthold Reservation in North Dakota to "Lake Sakakawea".

  See also:

  To change the name of the reservoir above Garrison Dam and known as Garrison Reservoir or Garrison Lake to Lake Sakakawea