Date of Award

Spring 5-2025

Document Type

Scholarly Project

Degree Name

Master of Physician Assistant Studies (MPAS)

Department

Physician Assistant Studies

First Advisor

Staveteig, Mindy

Keywords

type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, glucagon-like peptide, GLP-1, gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and weight loss

Abstract

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are interconnected global health challenges, contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This literature review compares the efficacy, safety, and applicability of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and bariatric surgery as treatment options. A literature search with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria was conducted using PubMed and EBSCOhost from May to July 2024, resulting in 14 randomized controlled trials for evaluation. This literature review supports the efficacy of both GLP-1 receptor agonists, particularly semaglutide, and bariatric surgery as effective interventions for weight loss and glycemic control in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery leads to greater weight loss and diabetes remission but carries risks such as perioperative complications and long-term nutritional deficiencies. GLP-1 receptor agonists, though generally well-tolerated, show variability in efficacy and adherence due to gastrointestinal side effects. Personalized, patient-centered treatment strategies are essential, integrating clinical and lifestyle factors. This review informs clinical decision-making and highlights future research directions, particularly regarding long-term adherence and comparative effectiveness across diverse populations.

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